{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {
    "tags": []
   },
   "source": [
    "# Язык программирования Python"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Особенности синтаксиса"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "The Zen of Python, by Tim Peters\n",
      "\n",
      "Beautiful is better than ugly.\n",
      "Explicit is better than implicit.\n",
      "Simple is better than complex.\n",
      "Complex is better than complicated.\n",
      "Flat is better than nested.\n",
      "Sparse is better than dense.\n",
      "Readability counts.\n",
      "Special cases aren't special enough to break the rules.\n",
      "Although practicality beats purity.\n",
      "Errors should never pass silently.\n",
      "Unless explicitly silenced.\n",
      "In the face of ambiguity, refuse the temptation to guess.\n",
      "There should be one-- and preferably only one --obvious way to do it.\n",
      "Although that way may not be obvious at first unless you're Dutch.\n",
      "Now is better than never.\n",
      "Although never is often better than *right* now.\n",
      "If the implementation is hard to explain, it's a bad idea.\n",
      "If the implementation is easy to explain, it may be a good idea.\n",
      "Namespaces are one honking great idea -- let's do more of those!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import this"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'dgdfgd\\ndfgdfg\\ndgdfg\\ndfgdfg'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 3,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# комментарий однострочный\n",
    "x = 1 # fghfdghf\n",
    "'''\n",
    "комментарий \n",
    "многострочный\n",
    "'''\n",
    "x = 6\n",
    "\"\"\"dgdfgd\n",
    "dfgdfg\n",
    "dgdfg\n",
    "dfgdfg\"\"\""
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2 3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 2; y = 3 #  так лучше не делать!\n",
    "print(x, y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if x == 1 or x == 2 \\\n",
    "or x == 3 or x == 4:\n",
    "    print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if (x == 2 or x == 3\n",
    "    or x == 4):\n",
    "    print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if x==2: print(x)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Переменные"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "s = 'something'\n",
    "n = 258657346587346589374\n",
    "v = 4.56"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "str"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 17,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(s)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "int"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 18,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(n)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "float"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "type(v)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 23,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "258657346587346589378\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = n + 1\n",
    "print(n)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Типы данных"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Числа"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 28,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "5\n",
      "5.6\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = 5\n",
    "k = 5.6\n",
    "print(n)\n",
    "print(k)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 29,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "5.0\n",
      "5\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = float(n)\n",
    "k = int(k)\n",
    "print(n)\n",
    "print(k)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "### Операции"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "x + y\n",
    "\n",
    "x − y\n",
    "\n",
    "x ∗ y\n",
    "\n",
    "x/y\n",
    "\n",
    "x//y\n",
    "\n",
    "x%y\n",
    "\n",
    "x∗∗y\n",
    "\n",
    "−x\n",
    "\n",
    "*Функции:*\n",
    "\n",
    "abs()\n",
    "\n",
    "pow() \n",
    "\n",
    "divmod() \n",
    "\n",
    "round() \n",
    "\n",
    "*Модули* math, random"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 30,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "12.5\n",
      "12.195121951219512\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(100 / 8)\n",
    "print(100 / 8.2)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 31,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "12\n",
      "8.0\n",
      "8.144\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(100 // 8)\n",
    "print(101.8 // 12.5)\n",
    "print(101.8 / 12.5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 32,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 32,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "10 % 3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 33,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "1024"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 33,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2 ** 10"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 34,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "5.509400928686412"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 34,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2.1**2.3"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 35,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(3, 2)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 35,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "divmod(17, 5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 36,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "13"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 36,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "round(12.6)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 37,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "12"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 37,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "round(12.5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 38,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "12"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 38,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "round(11.5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Логические переменные"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "* True, False\n",
    "* Операции и выражения:\n",
    "- '>'\n",
    "- <\n",
    "- ==\n",
    "- !=\n",
    "- not x\n",
    "- x and y\n",
    "- x or y\n",
    "- x in A\n",
    "- a < x < b\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 40,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "False"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 40,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "2 < 3 < 4 < 5"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 41,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "What is your name?\n",
      "Sasha\n",
      "Hello, Sasha!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print('What is your name?')\n",
    "k = input()\n",
    "print('Hello,', k + '!')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 42,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "5\n",
      "5^2 = 25\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "n = int(input())\n",
    "print(f'{n}^2 = {n**2}')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Ветвление и оператор выбора"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 43,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "x is positive\n",
      "x is even\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if x > 0: \n",
    "    print ('x is positive')\n",
    "\n",
    "if x % 2 == 0: \n",
    "    print('x is even')    \n",
    "else: \n",
    "    print('x is odd')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 44,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "2"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 44,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 45,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "x is less than y\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if x < y: \n",
    "    print('x is less than y')\n",
    "elif x > y: \n",
    "    print('x is greater than y') \n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('x and y are equal')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 46,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "x is less than y\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "if x == y: \n",
    "    print('x and y are equal')\n",
    "else: \n",
    "    if x < y: \n",
    "        print('x is less than y')\n",
    "    else: \n",
    "        print('x is greater than y')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 47,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "X = 1\n",
    "Y = 2\n",
    "Z = 3\n",
    "\n",
    "if X != 0:\n",
    "    A = Y\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    A = Z\n",
    "\n",
    "print(A)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 50,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "X = 1\n",
    "Y = 2\n",
    "Z = 3\n",
    "\n",
    "A = Y if X else Z # Трехместное выражение if/else\n",
    "\n",
    "print(A)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Проверка истинности в Python\n",
    "•\tОперации сравнения возвращают True или False\n",
    "•\tЛюбое число, не равное 0, или непустой объект – истина\n",
    "•\tЧисла, равные 0, пустые объекты и значение None – ложь\n",
    "•\tОперации сравнения применяются к структурам данных рекурсивно"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Цикл while"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 51,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "5\n",
      "7\n",
      "9\n",
      "11\n",
      "13\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "i = 5\n",
    "while i < 15:\n",
    "    print(i)\n",
    "    #i = i + 2\n",
    "    i += 2"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 52,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "5\n",
      "7\n",
      "9\n",
      "11\n",
      "13\n",
      "!\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# имитация until\n",
    "i = 5\n",
    "while True:\n",
    "    print(i)\n",
    "    i += 2\n",
    "    if i >= 15: \n",
    "        break\n",
    "print('!')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Цикл for"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hheelllloo  wwoorrlldd"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in 'hello world':\n",
    "    print(i * 2, end = '')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 15,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hheelllloo  wwoorrlldd"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "s = 'hello world'\n",
    "for i in range(len(s)):\n",
    "    print(s[i] * 2, end = '')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0\n",
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n",
      "4\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(5):\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "3\n",
      "5\n",
      "7\n",
      "9\n",
      "11\n",
      "13\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in range(3, 15, 2):\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1\n",
      "2\n",
      "3\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in [1, 2, 3]:\n",
    "    print(i)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "0 6\n",
      "1 2\n",
      "2 8\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list = [6, 2, 8]\n",
    "for index, el in enumerate(list):\n",
    "    print(index, el)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 6\n",
      "2 2\n",
      "3 8\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "list = [6, 2, 8]\n",
    "for index, el in enumerate(list, start = 1):\n",
    "    print(index, el)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Оператор continue"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 19,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hheellll  wwrrlldd"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in 'hello world':\n",
    "    if i == 'o':\n",
    "        continue\n",
    "    print(i * 2, end='')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Оператор break"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 18,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "hheellll"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for i in 'hello world':\n",
    "    if i == 'o':\n",
    "        break\n",
    "    print(i * 2, end='')\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Еlse в цикле"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 21,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": [
    "for i in 'hello woarld':\n",
    "    if i == 'a':\n",
    "        break\n",
    "else: # если выход из цикла произошел без помощи break\n",
    "    print('Буквы a в строке нет')\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "## Инструкция pass "
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Не выполняет никаких действий и используется в случаях, когда синтаксис языка требует наличия инструкции, но никаких полезных действий в этой точке программы выполнять нельзя.\n"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 1,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "yes\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "x = 4\n",
    "if x==5:\n",
    "    pass\n",
    "else:\n",
    "    print('yes')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": null,
   "metadata": {},
   "outputs": [],
   "source": []
  }
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